Câu điều kiện loại 3 trong tiếng Anh: Công thức, cách dùng và bài tập áp dụng

Câu điều kiện loại 3 là câu điều kiện trái với thực tế đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, mang tính ước muốn.

2. Cấu trúc - Công thức

Ex: - If he had had a map, He wouldn’t have got lost. (Nếu anh ấy có bản đồ, anh ấy đã không bị lạc -> Thực tế là anh ấy không mang bản đồ và bị lạc)

- If I hadn’t been tired, I would have gone out with you. (Nếu tôi không mệt, tôi đã đi chơi cùng bạn -> Thực tế là tôi mệt và không thể đi chơi cùng bạn.)

Lưu ý:

• Để làm được câu điều kiện loại 3, các bạn cần phải nắm kĩ bảng động từ bất quy tắc để chia thì cho đúng.
• Công thức nhớ nhanh: Câu điều kiện loại 2 lùi lại một thì sẽ thành câu điều kiện loại 3.
  Simple Past → Past Perfect
  Would + V_inf → Would have + V_3/ed
• Có thể dùng "had been V_ing" thay cho "had V3/ed" để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục, lâu dài của hành động.
  Ex: If I hadn’t been wearing the seatbelt, I would been seriously injured. (Nếu tôi không thắt dây an toàn, thì tôi chắc đã bị thương nặng)
• Có thể dùng "would have been V_ing" thay cho "would have V3/ed".
  Ex: If I had been there, the baby would have been sleeping soundly. (Nếu tôi ở đó, thì đứa bé sẽ ngủ ngon.)

3. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3

Had + S + (not) + PP

Ex: If you hadn’t encouraged me, I would have given up. (Nếu bạn không động viên tôi, tôi sẽ từ bỏ.)
-> Had you not encouraged me, I would have given up

4. Mệnh đề IF loại 3 thay bằng BUT FOR/ WITHOUT + Noun phrase

Trong đó: 
But for/ without: Nếu không vì
Thanks to: Nhờ vào

Ví dụ:
If he hadn’t lent us the money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house. (Nếu anh ta không cho chúng tôi mượn tiền, chúng tôi đã không đủ tiền mua nhà.)
= But for/ Without his money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house.
= Had he not lent us the money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house.

5. Bài tập

Exercise 1: Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense
1. If I had known that you were in hospital, I (visit) _____ you.
2.You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) _____ here last week.
3. I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see) _____ it with my own eyes.
4. If he had asked you, you _____(accept) ?
5. If I (know) _____that you were coming, I'd have baked a cake.
6. If I (had) _____a map, I would have been all right.
7. The hens (not get) _____. into the house if you had shut the door.
8. If he had known that the river was dangerous, he (not try) _____ to swim across it.
9. If you (speak)_____more slowly, he might have understood you.
10. If he had known the whole story , he (not be) _____so angry.
11. I (offer) _____ to help him if I had realized that he was ill.
12. If you had left that wasp alone, it (not sting) _____you.
13. If I (realize) _____what a bad driver you were, I wouldn't have come with you.
14. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red, I (stop) _____
15. But for the fog, we (reach) _____ our destination ages ago.
16. If you had told me that he never paid his debts, I (not lend) _____him the money.
17. If you (not sneeze) _____,he wouldn't have known that we were there.
18. If you (put) _____some mustard in the sandwiches, they would have tasted better.
19. The hens (not get) _____ into the house if you had shut the door.
20. If he had known that the river was dangerous, he (not try) _____to swim across it.
21. If you (speak) _____ more slowly, he might have understood you.
22. If he had known the whole story, he (not be) _____ so angry.
23. I shouldn't have eaten it if I (know) _____that there was ginger in it.
24. If I (try) _____ again, I think that I would have succeeded.
25. You (not get) _____ into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.
26. If you hadn't been in such a hurry, you (not put) _____sugar into the sauce instead of salt.
27. If I (be) _____ready when he called, he would have taken me with him.
28. She had a headache; otherwise she (come) .................with us.
29. If she had listened to my directions, she (not turn)............... down the wrong street.
30. If you (look) _____ at the engine for a moment, you would have seen what was missing.

Exercise 2: Using the given information, make conditional sentences with IF
1. He didn't hurry, so he missed the train.
→ If ...................................................................................................................
2. We didn't go because it rained.
→ If it hadn't ....................................................................................................
3. We got lost because we didn't have a map.
→ If we .............................................................................................................
4. He lost his job because he was late every day.
→ If he ..............................................................................................................
5. The airport was closed. She didn't fly to Rome.
→ If ...................................................................................................................
6. Sue felt sick because she ate four cream cakes.
→ If Sue ............................................................................................................
7. My brother didn't leave the car keys, so I couldn't pick him up at the station.
→ If my brother ................................................................................................
8. We didn't go on holiday because we didn't have enough money.
→ If we .............................................................................................................
9. He didn't have the ticket to the game last week. He wasn't be able to get in.
→ If ...................................................................................................................
10. Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes.
→ If Robert .......................................................................................................

Exercise 3: Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense
1) If you__________ (check) the car, it __________ (not/ break) down in the middle of the desert.
2) If it__________(not/ rain), the children__________ (play) outside.
3) If my parents__________ (not/ be) so tired, they__________ (watch) the film on TV.
4) If she__________ (buy) a new hard disk, she__________ (not/lose) all data.
5) If we__________ (use) the town map, we__________ (not/get) lost.
6) If Tom__________ (eat) more salad, he__________ (not/catch) a cold.
7) If the police__________ (not/ stop) me, I__________ (reach) you in time.
8) If his older brother__________ (not/drive) so fast, he__________ (not/crash) into the other car.
9) If Fred__________ (not/cheat) at the test, his teacher__________ (not/phone) his father.
10) If I__________ (not/ switch off) the radio, I__________ (know) about the second goal

Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences as directed
1. If you had given it on time, you would have got a high mark.(using inversion with HAD)
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. If he had been on time, we wouldn’t have missed the bus. (using inversion with HAD)
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop. (But for)
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. His sister sent her money, so he continued to study. (But for)
……………………………………………………………………………………